Research
How we measure ourselves
We evaluate publication identification, metadata comparisons and unresolved references separately. Benchmark publication is still to come.
How we measure and what remains uncertain
Hallucite makes deterministic, versioned verification decisions and shows the evidence for each flag. Hosted in the EU.
Coverage gaps, incomplete metadata and source outages can leave a reference unresolved. Review flagged entries: a missing match does not prove fabrication, and a verdict does not establish authorship or whether a source supports a claim.
Benchmark results are still to come and will be published after review.
Read the methodologyWhat we evaluate
We assess extraction, work identity, metadata, publication notices and behavior during source failures separately. A useful evaluation must measure false alarms on genuine references as well as missed problems, with dataset scope and limitations reported alongside the results.
Verification sources
Sources are used when applicable to a reference. Coverage and availability vary; the result shows the evidence obtained.
- Crossref
Publication metadata and available retraction notices.
Data also held in our local mirror.
- PubMed
Biomedical publication metadata and available publication notices.
Data also held in our local mirror.
- NLM Catalog
Biomedical books and reports through the biomedical catalogue lookup.
- OpenAlex
Publication metadata and identifiers.
Data also held in our local mirror.
- CiNii
Japanese publication and book catalogue records.
- DBLP
Computer science publication records.
- Open Library
Book records through ISBN lookups and title searches.
- Google Books
Book records through ISBN and title searches.
- Semantic Scholar
Scholarly publication records and arXiv identifier lookups.
- DOI registry
DOI resolution and identifier checks.
Scope of the check
A publication match does not establish that the source supports a particular claim. Coverage and record freshness vary, and available notices may be incomplete. Review flagged and unresolved entries against the original publication.